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Gas exchange is affected differently in different components by 2 basic types of lung diseases: obstruction and restriction.ĭistribution disorders - obstruction Distribution disorders refer to the intrapulmonary distribution of inspired air. Distribution ratios can be influenced by choosing the ventilation mode and other adjustments to the breathing cycle (inspiratory delay, the introduction of the so-called sigh, etc.). The distribution represents the distribution of the inhaled mixture to individual areas of the lung. Peripheral disorders of the executive organ (= it is also a distribution disorder) Ventilation disorders can be divided according to the impairment of individual functional levels of the respiratory system:ĭisorders of innervation and neuromuscular transmission The kidneys have a relatively slow ability to correct excess bicarbonate.

Rapid correction of long-lasting hypercapnia with mechanical ventilation, which leads to post-hypercapnic metabolic acidosis, is also undesirable. Hypercapnia is particularly undesirable due to arrhythmogenic and other negative effects on the circulatory system - vasodilation and subsequent compensatory tachycardia. Hyperventilatory hypocapnia can worsen oxygen economy due to respiratory alkalosis by shifting the dissociation curve for hemoglobin to the left and inducing cardiac arrhythmias. Sufficient minute ventilation ensures physiological normocapnia (PaCO 2 4.5–6 kPa), hypoventilation causes hypercapnia, and hyperventilation, on the contrary, hypocapnia. increased venous blood desaturation with cardiac dysfunction plus one or more of the above 5 factors.abnormal gas exchange at the alveolocapillary membrane.intrapulmonary R-L shunts (intrapulmonary shunt).V/Q ratio (ventilation-perfusion ratio).The following abnormalities lead to hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia: In a simplified view, these are disorders of ventilation, distribution, diffusion and perfusion. Respiratory failure is classified based on the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia. 5 Division of respiratory failure according to blood gas values.4.1 Ventilation-perfusion ratio and its disorders.2.3 Distribution disorders - combined disorders.2.2 Distribution disorders - restriction.2.1 Distribution disorders - obstruction.